Fig. 3. Extracellular vesicles delivered by progenitor cells contribute to recovery of kidney injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that progenitor cell-derived EVs can promote beneficial effects and attenuate kidney injury, which includes inhibition of apoptosis, mitochondrial stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and fibrosis. Furthermore, these EVs can stimulate cellular proliferation and angiogenesis and contribute to kidney repair.